Journal of the Nigerian Society of Physical Sciences
type: channel
description: Journal of the Nigerian Society of Physical Sciences is a peer-reviewed journal published quarterly (February, May, August & November) by the Nigerian Society of Physical Sciences. It offers an exciting publication outlet for Physical Science reports.
publisher: Nigerian Society of Physical Sciences
language: en
publication name: Journal of the Nigerian Society of Physical Sciences
issn: 2714-2817
items: A novel approach for constructing a minimum spanning tree
items: The group-theoretic origin of spin: the reality locus andcohomology of the spin spectrum
items: Modeling and stability analysis of a fractional-order tuberculosisvmodel with different exposed populations progressing to infection
items: New fractional Hermite–Hadamard and Fejér inequalities involving special functions with applications to numerical quadrature rules
items: A mathematical model of cybercrime contagion: impact ofemployment on youth offending
items: Evaluating lung cancer control through a time-delay mathematical model with detailed sensitivity analysis
items: Optimal control of fractional-order stochastic systems under uncertainty with Poisson and V-jump perturbations
items: Transmission dynamics of dengue–Zika co-infection with antibody-dependent enhancement, cross-immunity, and vaccination: backward bifurcation analysis and data calibration
items: Geometric admissibility of hypergeometric and integral operators for the synthesis of digital filters
items: Modeling traffic-light systems: A neutrosophic graph approach
items: Application of the SEE transform with the Adomian decomposition method to a nonlinear tumor growth model
items: Unsteady MHD Casson nanofluid transport over an inclined permeable cylinder in an anisotropic porous medium: effects of nonlinear radiation and Joule heating
items: On the effect of fixed-bandwidth kernel density estimation on the exponential distribution
items: A novel parametric intuitionistic fuzzy entropy measure with applications to image edge detection
items: Adaptive finite element analysis of thermal and elasticity problems using Zienkiewicz–Zhu recovery-based error estimation
items: Mathematical modelling and optimal-control strategies of schistosomiasis–typhoid fever co-infection: using the demographic setting of Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria
items: A practical deep learning framework for multi-class skin cancer detection using U-Net segmentation and ResNet50 transfer learning
items: A new ranked set sampling design for estimating population mean and variance based on neoteric ranked set sampling
items: Optimal control of smoking-induced asthma and cardiovascular disorders with medical and public health interventions
items: Adsorption of dithiazolidine compounds on Fe(110) surface and potential for corrosion inhibition: DFT calculations and adsorption locator/Monte Carlo adsorption simulations
items: Weaker and deficiency of even vertex odd edge root square mean labeling graphs
items: Bipolar soft neighborhoods with application in decision-making
items: Bridging context gaps in low-resource language chatbots through multilevel attention and hybrid embedding approaches
items: Chemometric authentication of branded and crude spices using integrated GC–MS fingerprints and elemental profiling
items: Even vertex odd edge root square mean labeling of some cycle-related graphs
items: Applications of quadrilateral finite element meshes with four-node, eight-node, and twelve-node for efficient microwave energy transfer in curved waveguides
items: Fuzzy semi-Markovian stochastic model for single-unit system with repairman arrival delay under Lindley lifetime distribution using bell-shaped membership function
items: Weibull-based reliability and profitability analysis of an industrial multi-state repairable system
items: Complex triple-valued neutrosophic soft sets and their topological framework with AI-driven signal-template analysis
items: Retraction Notice

A novel approach for constructing a minimum spanning tree
type: item
description: The spanning tree of a graph is obtained when all vertices of a graph are connected in such a way that no cycle is formed. This work proposes a new algorithm that, at each round, selects a maximal independent set of vertices (an inclusion-maximal, not necessarily maximum-cardinality, set of pairwise non-adjacent vertices) and attaches to every vertex of that set its cheapest cycle-safe incident edge to find a minimum spanning tree of any weighted graph. The procedure organizes safe-edge selections into batches indexed by maximal independent sets; its number of such batching rounds depends on the maximal independent sets selected, and this notion of a round is not directly comparable to a single iteration of Prim's or Kruskal's algorithm without further definition. Using the classical cut property, we prove that the procedure always produces a minimum spanning tree of a connected graph. If r denotes the number of independent-set rounds, a straightforward sequential implementation has worst-case running time O(r(n+m)+m log m). We do not claim, and this paper does not prove, that the number of rounds is minimized over all possible choices of maximal independent sets, nor that the resulting sequential running time improves on the classical O(m log n) bounds. This work may be useful for large weighted networks such as communication networks, wiring connections, and transportation networks.
subject: Mathematics & Statistics
  topic: section
subject: Mathematical, Computer & Statistical Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Weighted graph
  topic: keywords
subject: Minimum spanning tree
  topic: keywords
subject: Maximal independent set
  topic: keywords
subject: Algorithm
  topic: keywords
subject: Graph algorithms
  topic: keywords
subject: 05C12, 05C25, 05C75, 05C90
  topic: subjects
creator: Haribhau R. Bhapkar
creator: Rezwan Ul Shaban
creator: Shabir Ahmad Mir
creator: Junaid Nisar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Haribhau R. Bhapkar, Rezwan Ul Shaban, Shabir Ahmad Mir, Junaid Nisar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-26
publication date: 2026-08-26
starting page: 3739
ending page: 3739
doi: 10.46481/jnsps.2026.3739

The group-theoretic origin of spin: the reality locus andcohomology of the spin spectrum
type: item
description: With the sole physical input that quantum symmetries act projectively on states, this work develops a group-theoretic account of spin as the obstruction to lifting a projective unitary representation to an ordinary one, controlled by two invariants: an infinitesimal class in H2(g, bR) and a topological character in Hom(pi1(G), bT). A lifting dichotomy determines, for every connected Lie group, whether and how its projective representations lift; it recovers the double cover from the special unitary group SU(2) to the special orthogonal group SO(3), the half-integer spins, the Frobenius--Schur values nu(rhoj) = (-1)2j, and the trichotomy of the rotation, Poincar'e, and Galilei groups. In the topological regime, the spin sectors form the Pontryagin dual widehat{pi1(G)}, a continuum for the planar rotation group SO(2), where it yields fractional (anyonic) spin. Two further results are established. First, the self-conjugate sectors---a necessary condition for compatibility with an antiunitary time reversal---form the 2-torsion subgroup widehat{pi1 (G)}[2], which remains finite even when the spectrum is a continuum; for the plane, it is {0, tfrac12}, explaining why generic anyons break time reversal. Second, the spectrum and this locus are the cohomology groups H1(G; bT) and H1(G; bZ/2), and the Bockstein sequence of bZ to bR to bT splits spin into a free part carrying the anyons and the torsion of H2 (G; bZ), an integral class whose modulo-2 reduction is, for the rotation group, the Stiefel--Whitney class obstructing spin structures on spacetime.
subject: Mathematics & Statistics
  topic: section
subject: Physics & Astronomy
  topic: category
subject: Mathematical, Computer & Statistical Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Spin
  topic: keywords
subject: Projective representation
  topic: keywords
subject: Central extension
  topic: keywords
subject: Pontryagin duality
  topic: keywords
subject: Anyonic spin
  topic: keywords
subject: Projective representation
  topic: subjects
subject: spin
  topic: subjects
subject: Frobenius-Schur indicator
  topic: subjects
subject: Central extension
  topic: subjects
subject: Wigner classification
  topic: subjects
subject: Obstruction calculus
  topic: subjects
subject: Mathematics
  topic: disciplines
subject: Mathematical Physics
  topic: disciplines
creator: Mohammad F. Marashdeh
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammad F. Marashdeh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-11
publication date: 2026-08-11
starting page: 3618
ending page: 3618
doi: 10.46481/jnsps.2026.3618

Modeling and stability analysis of a fractional-order tuberculosisvmodel with different exposed populations progressing to infection
type: item
description: This study develops a fractional-order mathematical model based on the Atangana--Baleanu--Caputo (ABC) operator to investigate the transmission dynamics of tuberculosis (TB). The framework incorporates memory and nonlocal effects to represent the spread and progression of TB within a population. The first derivative of a Lyapunov function is used to evaluate the infection locally and globally within the fractional-order model. The model satisfies the essential mathematical properties of positivity, boundedness, existence, and uniqueness of solutions, thereby establishing its biological and mathematical well-posedness. Fixed-point theory is used to analyze the model and bound its solution. The analysis establishes local and global stability conditions and identifies the parameters that most strongly affect disease transmission. An advanced numerical method is used to obtain approximate solutions of the fractional-order system and evaluate the effect of the fractional-order parameter. Numerical simulations show that decreasing the fractional-order parameter enhances memory effects and produces smoother convergence toward equilibrium states than the classical integer-order model. The results indicate that the fractional-order framework provides a useful representation of TB dynamics and may support the understanding and control of TB transmission.
subject: Mathematics & Statistics
  topic: section
subject: Mathematical, Computer & Statistical Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Tuberculosis model
  topic: keywords
subject: Well-posedness
  topic: keywords
subject: Basic reproduction number
  topic: keywords
subject: Lyapunov stability
  topic: keywords
subject: Simulation
  topic: keywords
subject: Applied Mathematics
  topic: disciplines
creator: Muhammad Farman
creator: Kottakkaran Sooppy Nisar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Farman, Kottakkaran Sooppy Nisar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-10
publication date: 2026-08-10
starting page: 3502
ending page: 3502
doi: 10.46481/jnsps.2026.3502

New fractional Hermite–Hadamard and Fejér inequalities involving special functions with applications to numerical quadrature rules
type: item
description: The principal objective of this article is to establish new and refined variants of Hermite--Hadamard- and Fej'{e}r-type integral inequalities in the interval-valued setting by exploiting the auxiliary transformed mapping mathcal{G}(s) := mathcal{F}(s^{1/rho}). This transformation preserves convexity and facilitates the systematic application of fractional integral techniques over a suitably rescaled domain through the Katugampola fractional operator. The resulting bounds are expressed explicitly in terms of the Gamma function, which enriches the analytical structure of the inequalities and yields sharper and more precise estimates than existing results. The validity and applicability of the theoretical findings are demonstrated through nontrivial illustrative examples and detailed remarks, and several previously known inequalities are recovered as limiting cases under suitable parameter configurations. As a further application, the derived inequalities are used to construct inclusion-type error estimates for numerical quadrature rules, with particular emphasis on the trapezoidal rule applied to interval-valued functions in the Katugampola fractional framework.
subject: Mathematics & Statistics
  topic: section
subject: Mathematical, Computer & Statistical Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Gamma and Beta functions
  topic: keywords
subject: Interval-valued Katugampola fractional integrals
  topic: keywords
subject: Hermite–Hadamard and Fejér inequalities
  topic: keywords
subject: Interval-valued convex mappings
  topic: keywords
subject: Numerical quadrature
  topic: keywords
subject: Functional analysis, convex analysis, fractional calculus, numerical analysis, convex functions, integral inequalities, and numerical approximation methods.
  topic: subjects
subject: Mathematics
  topic: disciplines
creator: Haitham Qawaqneh
creator: Waqar Afzal
creator: Mujahid Abbas
creator: Muhammad Tariq
creator: Mehreen Shehzadi Khan
creator: Siegfried Macías
creator: Jorge E. Macías-Díaz
creator: Hijaz Ahmad
creator: Waleed Mohammed Abdelfattah
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Haitham Qawaqneh, Waqar Afzal, Mujahid Abbas, Muhammad Tariq, Mehreen Shehzadi Khan, Siegfried Macías, Jorge E. Macías-Díaz, Hijaz Ahmad, Waleed Mohammed Abdelfattah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-14
publication date: 2026-08-14
starting page: 3543
ending page: 3543
doi: 10.46481/jnsps.2026.3543

A mathematical model of cybercrime contagion: impact ofemployment on youth offending
type: item
description: The growing incidence of youth cybercrime, driven by unemployment and the precarity of temporary employment, constitutes a major social crisis that has received limited mathematical analysis. This study develops a deterministic four-compartment UCTR model comprising unemployed (U), cybercriminal (C), temporarily employed (T), and regularly employed (R) youth populations to examine interactions among unemployment, temporary employment, stable employment, and illicit digital activity. Using the next-generation matrix, we derive the cybercrime generation number, N0, and establish that the cybercrime-free equilibrium is globally stable when N0 < 1. Global sensitivity analysis based on Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) and partial rank correlation coefficients (PRCCs) identifies peer influence and recruitment into cybercrime from temporary employment as the strongest drivers of cybercrime. Conversely, transition to stable employment and legal prosecution are the principal deterrents. Numerical simulations show that high job-loss rates and continued entry into temporary employment sustain the cybercriminal population, whereas consistent transition to permanent employment substantially reduces cybercrime over time. These findings indicate that cybercrime control requires structural policies that strengthen long-term employment security rather than short-term interventions that do not provide sustained socioeconomic stability.
subject: Mathematics & Statistics
  topic: section
subject: Cybercrime
  topic: keywords
subject: Unemployment
  topic: keywords
subject: Mathematical model
  topic: keywords
subject: Sensitivity analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Numerical simulations
  topic: keywords
creator: Chinwendu Emilian Madubueze
creator: Kazeem A. Tijani
creator: Elijah Iji Ajogi
creator: Madumelu H. C. Madubueze
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Chinwendu Emilian Madubueze, Kazeem A. Tijani, Elijah Iji Ajogi, Madumelu H. C. Madubueze (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-11
publication date: 2026-08-11
starting page: 3596
ending page: 3596
doi: 10.46481/jnsps.2026.3596

Evaluating lung cancer control through a time-delay mathematical model with detailed sensitivity analysis
type: item
description: Lung cancer (LC) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, posing a significant threat to public health due to its complex development, late diagnosis, and poor response to treatment. Rising rates, particularly among those exposed to tobacco consumption and environmental pollution, highlight the need for a realistic interpretation of disease dynamics through mathematical modeling. In this study, a nonlinear dynamical model of LC with time delay is formulated to represent the lag associated with smoking exposure and the evolution of smoking-related effects. The delay acts specifically through the delayed smoking-exposure interaction terms and does not represent treatment or immune response. The model is analyzed to confirm that solutions remain positive and bounded, ensuring biological feasibility. The basic reproduction number is calculated to describe threshold dynamics, and local stability of both the disease-free and endemic equilibrium is examined. Sensitivity analysis identifies the parameters influencing the model threshold quantity. The displayed analysis shows positive effects of theta, a, b, and e on Re0 and negative effects of d, g, m, and tau. These signs describe the mathematical sensitivity of the threshold quantity and do not establish treatment or recovery effects. Numerical simulations using nonstandard finite difference (NSFD), Euler, and fourth-order Runge--Kutta (RK4) methods validate the analytical results, with NSFD proving to be more stable and dynamically consistent. Findings suggest that government interventions, including tobacco control, education, and early screening awareness, can reduce the disease burden. These results offer insights for policymakers to develop cost-effective strategies.
subject: Mathematics & Statistics
  topic: section
subject: Mathematical, Computer & Statistical Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Lung cancer
  topic: keywords
subject: Basic reproduction number
  topic: keywords
subject: Sensitivity analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Existence and uniqueness
  topic: keywords
subject: Nonstandard finite difference
  topic: keywords
subject: Mathematical Modelling
  topic: subjects
subject: Numerical Methods
  topic: subjects
subject: Applied Mathematics
  topic: disciplines
creator: Shah Zeb
creator: Awais Ahmad
creator: Rizwana Kausar
creator: Siti Ainor Mohd Yatim
creator: Nurulhuda Ramli
creator: Muhammad Rafiq
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Shah Zeb, Awais Ahmad, Rizwana Kausar, Siti Ainor Mohd Yatim, Nurulhuda Ramli, Muhammad Rafiq (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-10
publication date: 2026-08-10
starting page: 3539
ending page: 3539
doi: 10.46481/jnsps.2026.3539

Optimal control of fractional-order stochastic systems under uncertainty with Poisson and V-jump perturbations
type: item
description: We address the optimal control problem for a novel class of fractional-order uncertain--stochastic dynamical systems perturbed simultaneously by stochastic and epistemic jump disturbances. The system dynamics are governed by Caputo fractional derivatives and driven by a multi-noise framework comprising Brownian motion, Poisson random measures, canonical Liu processes, and finite-variation uncertain V-jump processes, thereby establishing a hybrid fractional system with double-jump features. The primary novelty is a unified analytical framework that combines memory effects with dual-source jump discontinuities under probabilistic randomness and epistemic uncertainty. We prove the existence, uniqueness, and continuous dependence of mild solutions in a hybrid probability--belief L2 framework under standard Lipschitz and growth conditions. We then define an optimal control problem with a combined probabilistic--uncertain performance criterion, verify the existence of optimal controls, and derive a Pontryagin-type maximum principle using a backward fractional adjoint system. Finally, numerical simulations for a fractional portfolio optimisation problem demonstrate the practical implications of memory, control, and multiple-jump disruptions.
subject: Mathematics & Statistics
  topic: section
subject: Mathematical, Computer & Statistical Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Fractional systems
  topic: keywords
subject: Uncertain–stochastic systems
  topic: keywords
subject: Poisson jumps
  topic: keywords
subject: V-jumps
  topic: keywords
subject: Optimal control
  topic: keywords
subject: 26A33
  topic: subjects
subject: 93C30
  topic: subjects
subject: 60H10
  topic: subjects
subject: 60H30
  topic: subjects
subject: 93E20
  topic: subjects
subject: Fractional Differential Equations
  topic: disciplines
subject: Mathematics
  topic: disciplines
subject: Optimal Control
  topic: disciplines
creator: Philip Ajibola Bankole
creator: Sunday Emmanuel Fadugba
creator: Mabel Eruore Adeosun
creator: Malesela C. Kekana
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Philip Ajibola Bankole, Sunday Emmanuel Fadugba, Mabel Eruore Adeosun, Malesela C. Kekana (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-10
publication date: 2026-08-10
starting page: 3554
ending page: 3554
doi: 10.46481/jnsps.2026.3554

Transmission dynamics of dengue–Zika co-infection with antibody-dependent enhancement, cross-immunity, and vaccination: backward bifurcation analysis and data calibration
type: item
description: The co-circulation of dengue virus (DENV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) in Aedes aegypti-endemic regions creates a significantly more dangerous epidemiological landscape than either pathogen alone. Yet no existing model simultaneously incorporates antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), dual Zika transmission routes, synergistic co-infection mortality, dengue vaccination, and calibration against confirmed co-endemic surveillance data. We address this gap by developing a sixteen-compartment deterministic model that captures ADE through susceptibility multipliers epsilon_1 and epsilon_2, partial cross-immunity, imperfect dengue vaccination, and both vector-borne and sexual Zika transmission. We derived the disease-free equilibrium and obtained closed-form expressions for the component reproduction numbers mathcal{R}_{0d} and mathcal{R}_{0z}. The overall reproduction number mathcal{R}_0 = rho(FV^{-1}), computed as the spectral radius of the 8 X 8 next-generation matrix, satisfies mathcal{R}_0 geq max{mathcal{R}_{0d}, mathcal{R}_{0z}}, with equality only when the linear cross-infection parameters beta_{z3}, beta_{vd2}, beta_{vz2} are zero. All co-infection effects, including ADE, are confined to the nonlinear regime. This confirms that single-disease models can systematically underestimate epidemic risk during co-circulation. Local asymptotic stability of the disease-free equilibrium when mathcal{R}_0 < 1, uniform persistence when mathcal{R}_0 > 1, and the existence of at least one endemic equilibrium are established. Centre manifold analysis reveals backward bifurcation in both submodels, implying that reducing \mathcal{R}_0 below unity is necessary but not sufficient for disease elimination. The model was calibrated using 36 weeks of SINAN surveillance data from Esp\'{i}rito Santo state, Brazil (January--September 2021), yielding key fitted parameters: b^* = 1.278~wk^{-1}, beta_d^* = 0.749, beta_{z2}^* = 0.161, beta_{vd1}^* = 0.118, and beta_{vz1}^* = 0.252, with Pearson correl…
subject: Mathematics & Statistics
  topic: section
subject: Mathematical, Computer & Statistical Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Dengue–Zika co-infection
  topic: keywords
subject: Antibody-dependent enhancement
  topic: keywords
subject: Backward bifurcation
  topic: keywords
subject: Dengue vaccination
  topic: keywords
subject: Vector control
  topic: keywords
subject: dengue--Zika co-infection
  topic: subjects
subject: antibody-dependent enhancement
  topic: subjects
subject: backward bifurcation
  topic: subjects
subject: basic reproduction number
  topic: subjects
subject: next-generation matrix
  topic: subjects
subject: cross-immunity
  topic: subjects
subject: dengue vaccination
  topic: subjects
subject: mathematical epidemiology
  topic: subjects
subject: sensitivity analysis
  topic: subjects
subject: vector control
  topic: subjects
subject: Mathematical epidemiology
  topic: disciplines
creator: Thomas Onoja
creator: Benson A. E. Afere
creator: Ayodele Gabriel Fasanya
creator: Sunday Yomi
creator: Bolarinwa Bolaji
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Thomas U. Onoja, Benson A. E. Afere, Ayodele Gabriel Fasanya, Sunday Yomi, Bolarinwa Bolaji (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-30
publication date: 2026-07-30
starting page: 3405
ending page: 3405
doi: 10.46481/jnsps.2026.3405

Geometric admissibility of hypergeometric and integral operators for the synthesis of digital filters
type: item
description: In this study, rigorous analytical criteria are developed to determine when the Gaussian hypergeometric function belongs to the Sakaguchi-type class P(delta, sigma,t). A computable sufficient condition is established in Theorem 2.1, and the associated integral operator G( lambda, mu; nu; z) is shown to satisfy the admissibility conditions for membership in P(delta, sigma,t) under the stated parameter assumptions. These theoretical results are interpreted in the context of digital filter synthesis through an admissibility-based design framework. The proposed approach provides a systematic procedure for selecting admissible parameter values that satisfy the required geometric conditions for filter construction. Numerical examples, including admissibility contour maps and frequency-response characteristics, illustrate the proposed framework and demonstrate its potential for digital filter design based on geometric function theory.
subject: Mathematics & Statistics
  topic: section
subject: Mathematical, Computer & Statistical Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Harmonic mappings
  topic: keywords
subject: Uniformly convex functions
  topic: keywords
subject: Gaussian hypergeometric functions
  topic: keywords
subject: Integral operators
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital filter design
  topic: keywords
subject: Geometric Function Theory
  topic: subjects
subject: Complex Analysis
  topic: subjects
subject: mathematics
  topic: disciplines
creator: R. Kamali
creator: S. Prema
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 R. Kamali, S. Prema (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-11
publication date: 2026-08-11
starting page: 3609
ending page: 3609
doi: 10.46481/jnsps.2026.3609

Modeling traffic-light systems: A neutrosophic graph approach
type: item
description: The coloring of neutrosophic graphs (NGs) is an important concept with extensive real-world applications. This research focuses on chromatic numbers for NGs and their operations. We define the neutrosophic chromatic number based on the alpha-, beta-, and gamma-cuts, as well as the strong alpha-, beta-, and gamma-cuts, of an NG. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of the proposed neutrosophic chromatic number is performed using the neutrosophic independent vertex set, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Several properties related to the union of NGs are also investigated using the proposed neutrosophic chromatic number. Finally, an illustrative traffic-light case study demonstrates the applicability of the proposed graph-coloring framework. The case study shows how the framework can model uncertain traffic conflicts and determine the minimum number of signal phases required for safe traffic operation. In the illustrative example, the obtained neutrosophic chromatic numbers indicate that the traffic network can be managed using five (k=5) signal phases under the proposed model, illustrating the framework's potential for efficient traffic-light scheduling, the reduction of potential traffic conflicts, and support for intelligent traffic-management decisions under uncertainty.
subject: Mathematics & Statistics
  topic: section
subject: Mathematical, Computer & Statistical Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Neutrosophic graph coloring
  topic: keywords
subject: Chromatic number
  topic: keywords
subject: Single-valued neutrosophic graph
  topic: keywords
subject: Traffic-light scheduling
  topic: keywords
subject: Uncertainty modeling
  topic: keywords
subject: Neutrosophic Graph Coloring, Chromatic Number, Traffic Light Problem
  topic: subjects
subject: Graph theory
  topic: disciplines
creator: K Deva
creator: K Siva
creator: Gamachu Adugna Ganati
creator: Walid Abdelfattah
creator: Fikadu Tesgera Tolasa
creator: Naisr Ali
creator: Aseel Smerat
creator: A. Mehmood
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 K Deva, K Siva, Gamachu Adugna Ganati, Walid Abdelfattah, Fikadu Tesgera Tolasa, Naisr Ali, Aseel Smerat, A. Mehmood (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-10
publication date: 2026-08-10
starting page: 3505
ending page: 3505
doi: 10.46481/jnsps.2026.3505

Application of the SEE transform with the Adomian decomposition method to a nonlinear tumor growth model
type: item
description: This study examines the combination of the Sadiq-Emad-Eman (SEE) integral transform and the Adomian decomposition method (ADM) for solving a nonlinear tumor growth model. The combined approach provides a direct analytical procedure for obtaining the exact solution of the model. The SEE transform is used because it generalizes several integral transforms and simplifies the required algebraic operations. The ADM is then applied to represent the nonlinear term as a series of Adomian polynomials. The resulting formulation yields the closed-form solution of the tumor growth model and illustrates how the model depends on the initial tumor-cell population, growth rate, and environmental carrying capacity. The results show that the combined SEE--ADM approach offers a simple analytical method for this nonlinear model while preserving its biological interpretation.
subject: Mathematics & Statistics
  topic: section
subject: Mathematical, Computer & Statistical Sciences
  topic: category
subject: SEE integral technique
  topic: keywords
subject: Tumor growth
  topic: keywords
subject: Analytical solution
  topic: keywords
subject: Mathematical modeling
  topic: keywords
subject: Adomian decomposition method
  topic: keywords
subject: SEE Integral Transform
  topic: subjects
subject: Tumor Growth Model
  topic: subjects
subject: Integral Equations
  topic: subjects
subject: Applied Mathematics
  topic: subjects
subject: Exact Solutions in Differential Equations
  topic: subjects
subject: Transform Methods in Mathematics
  topic: subjects
subject: Applied Mathematics
  topic: disciplines
subject: Mathematical Biology
  topic: disciplines
subject: Computational Mathematics
  topic: disciplines
subject: Oncology
  topic: disciplines
creator: Ahmed Fadhil Noaman
creator: Zaid Adil Abdalkareem
creator: Bareq Baqi Salman
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmed Fadhil Noaman, Zaid Adil Abdalkareem, Bareq Baqi Salman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-11
publication date: 2026-08-11
starting page: 3598
ending page: 3598
doi: 10.46481/jnsps.2026.3598

Unsteady MHD Casson nanofluid transport over an inclined permeable cylinder in an anisotropic porous medium: effects of nonlinear radiation and Joule heating
type: item
description: The present study investigates the coupled momentum, thermal, solutal, and magnetic transport characteristics of unsteady induced magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Casson nanofluid flow over an inclined permeable cylindrical surface embedded in an anisotropic porous medium. The model incorporates several important physical mechanisms, including nonlinear thermal radiation, Joule heating, viscous dissipation, Brownian motion, thermophoresis, and higher-order chemical reaction kinetics. The governing nonlinear partial differential equations describing the conservation of mass, momentum, energy, nanoparticle concentration, and magnetic induction are transformed into a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations through suitable similarity transformations derived using Lie group analysis. The resulting equations are solved using the semi-analytical homotopy perturbation method (HPM). The influence of key physical parameters on the velocity, temperature, nanoparticle concentration, and magnetic field profiles is analyzed through graphical and tabular results. The results indicate that increasing the magnetic parameter suppresses fluid motion due to the resistive Lorentz force while enhancing the thermal boundary layer thickness. The Casson parameter is found to significantly influence the velocity distribution, reflecting the non-Newtonian characteristics of the fluid. Thermal radiation and viscous dissipation increase the temperature field, whereas Brownian motion and thermophoresis strongly affect nanoparticle concentration profiles. Furthermore, anisotropic porous medium parameters and chemical reaction kinetics play important roles in controlling mass transfer rates. The study provides useful insights into magnetically controlled nanofluid transport in porous cylindrical geometries, which may assist in the design of advanced thermal systems in engineering applications.
subject: Mathematics & Statistics
  topic: section
subject: Mathematical, Computer & Statistical Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Casson nanofluid
  topic: keywords
subject: Inclined stretching cylinder
  topic: keywords
subject: Anisotropic porous medium
  topic: keywords
subject: Brownian motion
  topic: keywords
subject: Homotopy perturbation method
  topic: keywords
subject: Non Newtonian Fluid
  topic: subjects
subject: Casson Nanofluid over inclined cylinder
  topic: subjects
subject: Applied Mathematics
  topic: disciplines
subject: Computational fluid dynamics
  topic: disciplines
creator: Bukola Oluwatosin Falomo
creator: Olugbenga John Fenuga
creator: Israel Olutunji Abiala
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Bukola Oluwatosin Falomo, Olugbenga John Fenuga, Israel Olutunji Abiala (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-12
publication date: 2026-08-12
starting page: 3416
ending page: 3416
doi: 10.46481/jnsps.2026.3416

On the effect of fixed-bandwidth kernel density estimation on the exponential distribution
type: item
description: Kernel density estimation (KDE) is widely used as a nonparametric smoothing operator in statistics. In this work, we study fixed-bandwidth KDE as a convolution operator applied to an exponential baseline distribution with rate parameter (beta > 0). We show that, for any compactly supported kernel K on [-1,1] and any fixed bandwidth h > 0, the expected KDE admits an exact factorization in the interior region y ge h: mathbb{E}[widehat f(y)] = beta e^{-beta y} C0, where C0 = (int_{-1}^{1}K(u)e^{beta h u} du) depends only on the kernel and bandwidth. Thus, the exponential density is an eigenfunction of the kernel-smoothing operator in the interior domain: its shape is preserved up to multiplication by the eigenvalue C0. After normalization on (h, infty), the resulting distribution reduces exactly to the shifted exponential density (beta e^{-beta(y-h)}). The result clarifies the role of boundary effects in kernel smoothing and shows that fixed-bandwidth KDE does not generate new parametric families from exponential baselines under tail normalization.
subject: Mathematics & Statistics
  topic: section
subject: Mathematical, Computer & Statistical Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Kernel density estimation
  topic: keywords
subject: shifted exponential distribution
  topic: keywords
subject: hazard rate
  topic: keywords
subject: exponential distribution
  topic: keywords
subject: Kernel density estimation
  topic: subjects
subject: Shifted exponential distribution
  topic: subjects
subject: Hazard rate
  topic: subjects
subject: Exponential distribution
  topic: subjects
subject: Compact support
  topic: subjects
subject: Mathematics and Statistics
  topic: disciplines
creator: Anwar Bataihah
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Anwar Bataihah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-04
publication date: 2026-08-04
starting page: 3590
ending page: 3590
doi: 10.46481/jnsps.2026.3590

A novel parametric intuitionistic fuzzy entropy measure with applications to image edge detection
type: item
description: In digital image processing, edge detection is a fundamental operation used to identify intensity discontinuities in an image. In this paper, we propose a novel one-parameter generalization of an entropy measure for intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFSs). IFSs provide additional flexibility by incorporating membership, non-membership, and hesitation information. A proof of validity is given for the proposed measure, together with numerical and graphical demonstrations. The entropy measure is applied to generate an edge map in which pixels exhibiting higher uncertainty are marked as image edges. Experimental results for standard benchmark images and real photographic images demonstrate superior edge localization and improved quantitative performance compared with existing fuzzy-entropy-based techniques.
subject: Mathematics & Statistics
  topic: section
subject: Mathematical, Computer & Statistical Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Edge detection
  topic: keywords
subject: Image processing
  topic: keywords
subject: Rényi entropy
  topic: keywords
subject: Intuitionistic fuzzy sets
  topic: keywords
subject: Generalized fuzzy entropy
  topic: keywords
subject: Generalized entropy in intuitionistic fuzzy sets, used it for edge detection of an image
  topic: subjects
subject: Information theory, Entropy in Fuzzy sets, Intuitionistic fuzzy sets, Image edge detection
  topic: disciplines
creator: Vaishali Manish Joshi
creator: Javid Gani Dar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Vaishali Manish Joshi, Javid Gani Dar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-22
publication date: 2026-07-22
starting page: 3359
ending page: 3359
doi: 10.46481/jnsps.2026.3359

Adaptive finite element analysis of thermal and elasticity problems using Zienkiewicz–Zhu recovery-based error estimation
type: item
description: This paper presents a verification-to-adaptivity analysis of a finite element framework for scalar and vector-valued elliptic problems that employs recovery-based a posteriori error estimation. Conforming bilinear quadrilateral (Q4) and linear triangular (T3) finite elements are used to discretise the thermal Poisson equation and the linear elasticity equations. Standard Galerkin methods are combined with uniform and adaptive mesh refinement in this approach. The approach of manufactured solutions under uniform refinement is first used for verification, where both discretizations regain the theoretical H1- and L2-norm convergence rates, proving the accuracy of the scalar and vector formulations. The Zienkiewicz–Zhu (ZZ) recovery approach is then used to incorporate adaptive refinement, using stress recovery for elasticity and gradient recovery for the thermal problems. The adaptive meshes show conservative effectivity behaviour, monotonic estimator–error correlation, and stable localisation. Differences between Q4 and T3 outcomes are consistent with their known approximation features across all test cases. The findings show that for thermal diffusion and linear elasticity issues, ZZ-driven adaptivity offers a dependable extension of a validated finite element framework.
subject: Mathematics & Statistics
  topic: section
subject: Mathematical, Computer & Statistical Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Finite element method
  topic: keywords
subject: Adaptive mesh refinement
  topic: keywords
subject: Zienkiewicz–Zhu recovery
  topic: keywords
subject: A posteriori error estimation
  topic: keywords
subject: Finite element method, Adaptive mesh refinement, Zienkiewicz–Zhu recovery, Posteriori error estimation
  topic: subjects
creator: J. K. Odeyemi
creator: S. A. Odunlami
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 J. K. Odeyemi, S. A. Odunlami (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-20
publication date: 2026-07-20
starting page: 3266
ending page: 3266
doi: 10.46481/jnsps.2026.3266

Mathematical modelling and optimal-control strategies of schistosomiasis–typhoid fever co-infection: using the demographic setting of Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria
type: item
description: Co-infection of schistosomiasis and typhoid fever presents a significant public-health challenge and complicates clinical management. Both diseases are prevalent and endemic in African regions, particularly Nigeria, but their co-dynamics remain insufficiently studied. This study developed a deterministic mathematical model to examine the co-dynamics of schistosomiasis and typhoid fever in Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria. The basic reproduction number (R0) for the sub-models and the full co-infection model was calculated to assess the stability of the disease-free equilibrium and to conduct bifurcation analysis. The endemic equilibrium was derived. Global sensitivity analysis was conducted, and an optimal-control model was formulated with five time-dependent controls: prevention of schistosomiasis, prevention of typhoid fever, screening and treatment for schistosomiasis, screening and treatment for typhoid fever, and screening and treatment for co-infections. The model was analysed using the Pontryagin maximum principle and the forward--backward sweep method. Numerical simulations included single, pairwise, and combined interventions. The results indicate that prevention strategies for both diseases are more effective than treatment alone. The study recommends implementing concurrent control interventions for both diseases to achieve optimal co-infection management.
subject: Mathematics & Statistics
  topic: section
subject: Mathematical, Computer & Statistical Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Co-infection
  topic: keywords
subject: Mathematical model
  topic: keywords
subject: Schistosomiasis-Typhoid fever
  topic: keywords
subject: Optimal control
  topic: keywords
creator: Kazeem A. Tijani
creator: Chinwendu E. Madubueze
creator: Reuben I. Gweryina
creator: Terhemen Aboiyar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Kazeem A. Tijani, Chinwendu E. Madubueze, Reuben I. Gweryina, Terhemen Aboiyar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-22
publication date: 2026-06-22
starting page: 3376
ending page: 3376
doi: 10.46481/jnsps.2026.3376

A practical deep learning framework for multi-class skin cancer detection using U-Net segmentation and ResNet50 transfer learning
type: item
description: Existing artificial intelligence (AI)-based diagnostic systems often lack interpretability, clinical decision support, and accessibility for practical deployment, despite the importance of early skin cancer detection in improving patient outcomes. This paper proposes an integrated deep learning framework for multi-class skin cancer detection that combines lesion segmentation using U-Net with transfer-learning classification of seven skin-lesion classes using ResNet50. The framework links classification results with segmented lesion regions to improve interpretability and uses Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM) to provide visual explanations of model predictions, thereby improving transparency and clinician confidence in the recommendations. It is implemented as a lightweight web-based application for remote, resource-efficient skin-lesion screening without costly local hardware. Experimental results on the HAM10000 dataset indicate that the framework outperforms baseline deep learning models in segmentation and classification while providing interpretable predictions and computationally efficient computer-aided dermoscopic screening. The proposed system offers an explainable decision-support approach for preliminary skin cancer assessment and may support earlier diagnosis in resource-limited clinical settings.
subject: Computer Science
  topic: section
subject: Mathematical, Computer & Statistical Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Skin cancer detection
  topic: keywords
subject: U-Net segmentation
  topic: keywords
subject: ResNet50 transfer learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Explainable artificial intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Web-based screening
  topic: keywords
creator: Mahesh Kumar Singh
creator: Arun Kumar Singh
creator: Pushpa Choudhary
creator: Akhilesh Kumar Singh
creator: Lalit Kumar Tyagi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Mahesh Kumar Singh, Arun Kumar Singh, Pushpa Choudhary, Akhilesh Kumar Singh, Lalit Kumar Tyagi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-10
publication date: 2026-08-10
starting page: 3530
ending page: 3530
doi: 10.46481/jnsps.2026.3530

A new ranked set sampling design for estimating population mean and variance based on neoteric ranked set sampling
type: item
description: This paper proposes a new ranked set sampling (RSS) design, termed modified neoteric RSS (MNRSS), for efficient estimation of the population mean and variance. The proposed method extends the neoteric RSS (NRSS) framework by selecting sampled units in a more dispersed manner while avoiding extreme ranks, thereby improving population representation and estimation accuracy, particularly for the population variance. The theoretical properties of the proposed mean estimator are examined. Under perfect ranking, the estimator is shown to be unbiased when the underlying distribution is symmetric; for asymmetric distributions, it exhibits only a small bias. The performance of MNRSS was evaluated through an extensive simulation study involving several symmetric and asymmetric distributions. The proposed design was compared with simple random sampling (SRS), RSS, median RSS (MRSS), extreme RSS (ERSS), NRSS, systematic RSS (SRSS), and centralized RSS (CRSS). Performance was assessed using bias and mean square error (MSE). The results show that MNRSS generally outperforms the competing methods, particularly for estimating population variance and under asymmetric distributions. An application to Scots pine tree measurements further supports the practical usefulness of the proposed sampling design.
subject: Mathematics & Statistics
  topic: section
subject: Mathematical, Computer & Statistical Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Ranked set sampling
  topic: keywords
subject: Neoteric ranked set sampling
  topic: keywords
subject: Modified neoteric ranked set sampling
  topic: keywords
subject: Population mean
  topic: keywords
subject: Population variance
  topic: keywords
subject: Ranked Set Sampling
  topic: subjects
subject: Sampling Methods
  topic: disciplines
creator: Mohammed Obeidat
creator: Rahaf Mashhour Na’amneh
creator: Ahmad A. Hanandeh
creator: Mahmoud Zuhier Aldrabseh
creator: Tarek M. Omara
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammed Obeidat, Rahaf Mashhour Na’amneh, Ahmad A. Hanandeh, Mahmoud Zuhier Aldrabseh, Tarek M. Omara (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-21
publication date: 2026-08-21
starting page: 3529
ending page: 3529
doi: 10.46481/jnsps.2026.3529

Optimal control of smoking-induced asthma and cardiovascular disorders with medical and public health interventions
type: item
description: Smoking is a major public health concern because of its harmful effects on several organs and its association with respiratory and cardiovascular complications. Cardiovascular disease is more common among smokers, and awareness of smoking cessation is important for reducing smoking prevalence. In this study, a compartmental model is developed to analyze the effect of awareness on the control of smoking and smoking-induced asthma and cardiovascular disorders. The positively invariant region, boundedness, positivity, and other basic dynamical properties of the model are established. Equilibria are obtained, and local and global stability analyses are performed. The normalized forward sensitivity index is used to assess the influence of key parameters on smoking cessation. Numerical simulations are conducted using a reliable nonstandard finite difference (NSFD) method. The simulation results show that smoking substantially increases the risk of respiratory and cardiovascular illnesses and that intervention strategies can reduce disease severity and prevalence. The model is further extended to an optimal-control framework that emphasizes the importance of treatment implementation and public awareness in reducing smoking-related harm. The results highlight the importance of media-based awareness and the need to inform potential smokers about the dangers of smoking. The proposed mathematical framework can support policymakers and health professionals in designing targeted interventions to reduce tobacco and cigarette use.
subject: Mathematics & Statistics
  topic: section
subject: Mathematical, Computer & Statistical Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Cardiovascular disease modeling
  topic: keywords
subject: Optimal control
  topic: keywords
subject: Nonstandard finite difference (NSFD)
  topic: keywords
subject: Public health interventions
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Farman
creator: Noreen Asghar
creator: Muhammad Umer Saleem
creator: Nezihal Gokbulut
creator: Evren Hincal
creator: Aseel Smerat
creator: Mohamed Hafez
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Farman, Noreen Asghar, Muhammad Umer Saleem, Nezihal Gokbulut, Evren Hincal, Aseel Smerat, Mohamed Hafez (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-27
publication date: 2026-07-27
starting page: 3397
ending page: 3397
doi: 10.46481/jnsps.2026.3397

Adsorption of dithiazolidine compounds on Fe(110) surface and potential for corrosion inhibition: DFT calculations and adsorption locator/Monte Carlo adsorption simulations
type: item
description: Many corrosion inhibitors act through an adsorption mechanism by forming a stable film that protects the surface from an aggressive environment. The adsorption behaviour of two dithiazolidine derivatives, namely, 3,5-diphenyl-imino-1,2,4-dithiazolidine (DPID) and 3-phenyl-imino-5-chlorophenylimino-1,2,4-dithiazolidine (PCID), on the Fe(110) surface was investigated via density functional theory (DFT) calculations and adsorption locator/Monte Carlo adsorption simulations. Quantum study results reveal that PCID exhibits higher HOMO energy, higher tendency to accept electrons, and greater molecular softness than DPID, though with a smaller HOMO--LUMO energy gap (Delta)E = 0.10355 Ha. Fukui function and Mulliken charge analyses led to the identification of sulphur atoms as the most active adsorption centres in both inhibitors. Adsorption locator/Monte Carlo adsorption simulations confirm that both compounds are strongly adsorbed on the Fe(110) surface in a parallel orientation. DPID and PCID afforded adsorption energies of -137.419 kcal mol-1 and -147.611 kcal mol-1, respectively, whereas the rigid adsorption energy of PCID reached -149.555 kcal mol-1, a demonstration of stronger surface binding. These highly negative adsorption energies suggest predominantly very strong inhibitor-surface interactions, and that both compounds have theoretical potential as corrosion inhibitors for Fe-based surfaces. However, the adsorption strength and predicted inhibition potential of PCID would be greater compared with DPID, which provides theoretical guidance for rational design and prioritization of dithiazolidine-based corrosion inhibitors for future experimental evaluation.
subject: Chemistry
  topic: section
subject: Chemistry
  topic: category
subject: Adsorption
  topic: keywords
subject: Corrosion inhibition
  topic: keywords
subject: Dithiazolidine
  topic: keywords
subject: Fe(110) substrate
  topic: keywords
subject: HOMO–LUMO
  topic: keywords
subject: molecular dynamics simulation
  topic: subjects
subject: adsorption
  topic: subjects
subject: corrosion inhibition
  topic: subjects
subject: physical/computational chemistry
  topic: disciplines
subject: Material Science
  topic: disciplines
creator: Ekemini Ituen
creator: Peace Madu
creator: Adewale Olamoyesan
creator: Gospel Asuquo
creator: Chibueze J. Olelewe
creator: Emmanuel E. Etim
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ekemini Ituen, Peace Madu, Adewale Olamoyesan, Gospel Asuquo, Chibueze J. Olelewe, Emmanuel E. Etim (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-05
publication date: 2026-08-05
starting page: 3322
ending page: 3322
doi: 10.46481/jnsps.2026.3322

Weaker and deficiency of even vertex odd edge root square mean labeling graphs
type: item
description: This paper introduces and investigates a relaxed variant of even vertex odd edge root square mean labeling (EVOERSML), called weaker EVOERSML. For a graph G, a weaker EVOERSML is an injective labeling f : V (G) \rightarrow\ {0, 2, 4, . . . , 2(q+k)}, where k \in \mathbb\ Z+, such that all vertex labels are distinct non-negative even integers. The induced edge labels are obtained by applying either the floor or ceiling function to the square root of the average of the squares of the labels of the end vertices. This relaxed labeling framework extends the applicability of root square mean labelings to a broader class of graphs. The minimum labeling bound Kmin(G) is defined as the least integer k for which G admits a weaker EVOERSML, and methods for determining this bound are discussed. The existence of weaker EVOERSML is established for several families of graphs, and their structural properties are analyzed. The deficiency associated with weaker EVOERSML is also examined, with particular emphasis on connected graphs of orders 3, 4, and 5, yielding complete classifications and illustrative examples.
subject: Mathematics & Statistics
  topic: section
subject: Mathematical, Computer & Statistical Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Path corona
  topic: keywords
subject: cycles
  topic: keywords
subject: star graphs
  topic: keywords
subject: weaker EVOERSML
  topic: keywords
subject: deficiency
  topic: keywords
subject: AMS Subject Classification: 05C78
  topic: subjects
subject: Computational graph theory
  topic: disciplines
creator: K. N. Babu
creator: S. Meenakshi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 K. N. Babu, S. Meenakshi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-25
publication date: 2026-05-25
starting page: 3287
ending page: 3287
doi: 10.46481/jnsps.2026.3287

Bipolar soft neighborhoods with application in decision-making
type: item
description: This paper introduces bipolar soft (BS) neighborhood structures within the framework of soft set theory. First, several properties associated with lower and upper approximations based on a binary BS relation are examined, and the proposed approximation operators are shown to satisfy several fundamental properties. Next, an additional structure formulated through BS neighborhoods is explored. The concept of bipolar soft NjBS-neighborhood spaces is investigated, and their main characteristics are analyzed. Two types of topologies, overline{T}_zeta and underline{T}_zeta, induced by bipolar soft reflexive relations are then characterized. These topological structures are used to approximate rough sets, and a direct method is proposed to generate such topologies from the underlying relations. Finally, a numerical example is provided to illustrate the applicability of the proposed approach to decision-making.
subject: Mathematics & Statistics
  topic: section
subject: Mathematical, Computer & Statistical Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Bipolar soft set
  topic: keywords
subject: Binary bipolar soft set
  topic: keywords
subject: Bipolar soft approximation
  topic: keywords
subject: Bipolar soft neighborhoods
  topic: keywords
subject: Bipolar soft set
  topic: subjects
subject: Bipolar soft approximation
  topic: subjects
subject: Bipolar soft neighborhoods
  topic: subjects
subject: Decision-making
  topic: subjects
creator: Saif Z. Hameed
creator: Heba I. Mustafa
creator: Abdelaziz E. Radwan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Saif Z. Hameed, Heba I. Mustafa, Abdelaziz E. Radwan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-04
publication date: 2026-08-04
starting page: 3337
ending page: 3337
doi: 10.46481/jnsps.2026.3337

Bridging context gaps in low-resource language chatbots through multilevel attention and hybrid embedding approaches
type: item
description: Conversational agents for low-resource languages (LRLs), such as Igbo, face major challenges, including limited annotated data, code-switching, and weak contextual coherence in multi-turn dialogue. This study proposes a multilevel-attention and hybrid-embedding framework that integrates FastText subword representations with multilingual BERT (mBERT) to improve semantic understanding and context retention. The architecture applies hierarchical attention at the word, utterance, and dialogue levels, enabling effective modeling of conversational dependencies and reducing context drift. The model was evaluated on a curated Igbo--English conversational dataset and benchmarked against long short-term memory (LSTM), Transformer, FastText, mBERT, and XLM-R baselines. For response generation, the proposed framework achieved a bilingual evaluation understudy (BLEU) score of 44.1%, a longest-common-subsequence recall-oriented understudy for gisting evaluation (ROUGE-L) score of 60.3%, and a context-retention accuracy (CRA) of 81.5%. For intent classification, it attained an F1-score of 87.3% and an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC-AUC) of 0.91; for context-dependency detection, it achieved an F1-score of 84.3%. The framework also reduced inference latency and was robust to code-switching and noisy conversational input. Human evaluation confirmed improvements in response clarity, cultural relevance, and multi-turn coherence. The findings show that hybrid embeddings combined with multilevel attention provide an effective and scalable approach to conversational AI for LRLs, with potential applicability to other African languages.
subject: Computer Science
  topic: section
subject: Mathematical, Computer & Statistical Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Low-resource languages
  topic: keywords
subject: Igbo conversational agent
  topic: keywords
subject: Multilevel attention
  topic: keywords
subject: Hybrid embeddings
  topic: keywords
subject: Context-aware dialogue systems
  topic: keywords
subject: low-resource languages
  topic: subjects
subject: Igbo chatbot
  topic: subjects
subject: multilevel attention
  topic: subjects
subject: hybrid embeddings
  topic: subjects
subject: conversational AI
  topic: subjects
creator: Godson Chetachi Uzoaru
creator: Ikechukwu Ignatius Ayogu
creator: Juliet Nnenna Odii
creator: Aloysius Chijioke Onyeka
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Godson Chetachi Uzoaru, Ikechukwu Ignatius Ayogu, Juliet Nnenna Odii, Aloysius Chijioke Onyeka (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-17
publication date: 2026-08-17
starting page: 3097
ending page: 3097
doi: 10.46481/jnsps.2026.3097

Chemometric authentication of branded and crude spices using integrated GC–MS fingerprints and elemental profiling
type: item
description: Counterfeit and substandard spice products present significant risks to food safety, nutritional quality, and consumer confidence. This study applied an integrated chemometric approach, GC--MS chemical profiling, and elemental analysis to authenticate and discriminate among crude, genuine-branded, and potentially adulterated spice products. Twenty spice samples from curry, ginger, turmeric, nutmeg, and thyme were analysed using gas chromatography--mass spectrometry (GC--MS) for volatile compounds, flame photometry for macroelements, and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) for microelements, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) revealed clear separation between crude and branded spices. An optimized model framework using two principal components explained 70.55% of the total calibration variance (70.29% cross-validated variance). The hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) dendrograms confirmed distinct clustering, highlighting close substitutability among certain spices based on their nutrient profiles. Elemental analysis indicated significant variation across samples: branded curry 3 and branded ginger 3 were rich in zinc and selenium, while branded nutmeg 1 exhibited exceptionally high iron content. Conversely, some branded products, such as branded curry powder, consistently showed low or absent levels of essential micronutrients. GC--MS profiling identified dominant fatty acids, including Octadec-9-enoic acid and Octadecanoic acid. These compositional differences underpin the discriminatory power of chemometric models, enabling reliable authentication of the crude and branded spices and the detection of potential adulteration. The study demonstrated that integrated chemical fingerprinting with multivariate analysis provides a robust framework for quality assurance and regulatory monitoring of commercial spice products.
subject: Chemistry
  topic: section
subject: Chemistry
  topic: category
subject: Spice authentication
  topic: keywords
subject: Integrated chemical fingerprinting
  topic: keywords
subject: GC–MS profiling
  topic: keywords
subject: Elemental analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Chemometrics
  topic: keywords
subject: Chemometric authentication
  topic: subjects
subject: Spice authentication
  topic: subjects
subject: GC–MS fingerprinting
  topic: subjects
subject: elemental profiling
  topic: subjects
subject: Food quality control
  topic: subjects
subject: Food adulteration
  topic: subjects
subject: Food Chemistry
  topic: disciplines
subject: Food Science and Technology Applied Chemistry
  topic: disciplines
subject: Analytical Chemistry
  topic: disciplines
subject: Food Chemistry Chemometrics
  topic: disciplines
creator: E. Udensi
creator: R. B. Salau
creator: S. O. Salihu
creator: M. M. Ndamitso
creator: M. T. Bisiriyu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 E. Udensi, R. B. Salau, S. O. Salihu, M. M. Ndamitso, M. T. Bisiriyu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-18
publication date: 2026-06-18
starting page: 3357
ending page: 3357
doi: 10.46481/jnsps.2026.3357

Even vertex odd edge root square mean labeling of some cycle-related graphs
type: item
description: An injective mapping (f:V(G)\rightarrow \{0,2,4,...,2|E|\}\) is said to satisfy the even vertex odd edge root square mean labeling (EVOERSML) condition when vertices are assigned distinct even values and each edge \(uv\in E(G)\) receives a distinct odd label determined by \( \left\lceil \sqrt{\frac{f(u)2+f(v)2}\{2}} \right\rceil \quad or \quad \left\lfloor \sqrt{\frac{f(u)2+f(v)2}\{2}} \right\rfloor.\) Graphs that admit such assignments are called EVOERSML graphs. The present study examines this labeling scheme on several graph structures closely related to cycles. Constructive methods are provided for families including ladder graphs, tadpole graphs, polygon-chain graphs, dumbbell graphs, and sunlet graphs. The obtained results emphasize how parity restrictions influence labeling existence and uniqueness. This work enriches the theory of root square mean labeling and opens further scope for studying EVOERSML-type labelings in more complex graph families and applied network models.
subject: Mathematics & Statistics
  topic: section
subject: Mathematical, Computer & Statistical Sciences
  topic: category
subject: EVOERSML
  topic: keywords
subject: Graph
  topic: keywords
subject: Cycle
  topic: keywords
subject: Ladder
  topic: keywords
subject: Sunlet
  topic: keywords
subject:
  topic: subjects
  value: Graph Theory, Graph Labeling, Even Vertex Odd Edge Root Square Mean Labeling (EVOERSML), Root Square Mean Labeling, Cycle Related Graphs, Ladder Graphs, Tadpole Graphs, Polygon Chain Graphs, Dumbbell Graphs, Sunlet Graphs
subject: Discrete Mathematics or Graph Theory and Combinatorics or Pure Mathematics
  topic: disciplines
creator: K. N. Babu
creator: S. Meenakshi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 K. N. Babu, S. Meenakshi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-07
publication date: 2026-07-07
starting page: 3293
ending page: 3293
doi: 10.46481/jnsps.2026.3293

Applications of quadrilateral finite element meshes with four-node, eight-node, and twelve-node for efficient microwave energy transfer in curved waveguides
type: item
description: This study proposes a two-dimensional higher-order finite element method for computing eigenvalues in planar and multiply connected curved domains relevant to microwave energy transfer and electromagnetic waveguide problems. A fully automated quadrilateral mesh generator implemented in MAPLE-18 is used to convert triangular finite elements into quadrilateral elements with Four-node, Eight-node, and Twelve-node so that curved boundaries can be represented with improved accuracy. The formulation combines a Galerkin finite element procedure, an automated higher-order meshing strategy, and a Gauss quadrature rule to obtain numerical solutions of Helmholtz-type eigenvalue problems. Five curved waveguide domains are considered: an annular circular domain, a circular domain with a square hole, the union of two circular disks, a circular region with two unequal holes, and an L-shaped domain with a quarter-circular curved boundary. The computed eigenvalues are compared with published numerical and analytical results. The comparisons show that increasing the element order from Four-node, Eight-node, and Twelve-node improves the accuracy of the predicted eigenvalues while reducing the number of elements required to obtain comparable convergence. The proposed method therefore provides a practical and efficient finite element framework for eigenvalue estimation in curved waveguide geometries.
subject: Mathematics & Statistics
  topic: section
subject: Mathematical, Computer & Statistical Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Quadrilateral meshing
  topic: keywords
subject: Multiply connected regions
  topic: keywords
subject: Eigenvalue
  topic: keywords
subject: Finite element method
  topic: keywords
subject: Four node
  topic: subjects
subject: Eight node
  topic: subjects
subject: FEM
  topic: subjects
subject: Mathematics, Computational Mathematics, Applied Mathematics, Numerical Fluid Mechanics
  topic: disciplines
creator: K. Lekhana
creator: K. T. Shivaram
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 K. Lekhana, K. T. Shivaram (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-08
publication date: 2026-06-08
starting page: 3412
ending page: 3412
doi: 10.46481/jnsps.2026.3412

Fuzzy semi-Markovian stochastic model for single-unit system with repairman arrival delay under Lindley lifetime distribution using bell-shaped membership function
type: item
description: The key objective of the present analysis is to analyze the impact of fuzziness and repairman arrival delay on the mean time to system failure (MTSF) and availability of single-unit systems. Using a semi-Markovian approach, two stochastic models were developed, and recursive relations were obtained for the reliability measures. The lifetime, failure time, and repairman arrival time are considered Lindley-distributed random variables, with a parameter represented as a fuzzy number defined by a bell-shaped membership function. The switching devices and repairs are assumed to be as good as new. The numerical results show that increasing the \alpha-cut reduces fuzziness and improves the estimates, while immediate arrival of the repairman increases system availability. The importance of the results is highlighted using a numerical example generated from a Lindley-distributed random sample of size 1000 by considering \varepsilon = 0.1 and dynamic \delta in RStudio.
subject: Mathematics & Statistics
  topic: section
subject: Mathematical, Computer & Statistical Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Fuzzy Availability
  topic: keywords
subject: Lindley Distribution
  topic: keywords
subject: Single-unit system
  topic: keywords
subject: Bell-shaped membership function
  topic: keywords
subject: Regenerative point technique
  topic: keywords
subject: Mathematics and Statistics
  topic: subjects
subject: Reliability Modeling
  topic: disciplines
creator: Monika Saini
creator: Ashish Kumar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Monika Saini, Ashish Kumar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-29
publication date: 2026-06-29
starting page: 3438
ending page: 3438
doi: 10.46481/jnsps.2026.3438

Weibull-based reliability and profitability analysis of an industrial multi-state repairable system
type: item
description: Reliability is a primary concern in industrial manufacturing because operational interruptions can reduce production, cause substantial economic losses, and create workplace-safety risks. This study applies the two-parameter Weibull distribution and the regenerative point technique (RPT) to a repairable system comprising two non-identical units: a primary unit operating in parallel with a secondary unit arranged in cold standby. The model incorporates inspection, repair, and replacement activities and is used to derive transition probabilities, mean sojourn times, mean time to system failure (MTSF), steady-state availability, maintenance busy periods, and a profit function. Numerical results show that system profitability decreases as the failure rate and Weibull shape parameter increase, whereas a higher repair rate improves profitability. For the reported parameter set, profit increases from 7325.258 to 8726.043 when the repair rate rises from 0.1 to 1.0 at a=0.01, and from 4879.802 to 6970.602 at a=0.05. The analysis also identifies reported zero-profit thresholds near a=1.45, 1.38, and 1.21 for k=0.8, 1.0, and 2.0, respectively. The framework supports maintenance planning and economic assessment of multi-state repairable systems.
subject: Mathematics & Statistics
  topic: section
subject: Mathematical, Computer & Statistical Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Reliability analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Weibull distribution
  topic: keywords
subject: Cold standby redundancy
  topic: keywords
subject: Regenerative point technique
  topic: keywords
subject: Profit analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Mathematics
  topic: subjects
creator: Priya Dahiya
creator: Jasdev Bhatti
creator: Pankaj Thakur
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Priya Dahiya, Jasdev Bhatti, Pankaj Thakur (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-22
publication date: 2026-07-22
starting page: 3426
ending page: 3426
doi: 10.46481/jnsps.2026.3426

Complex triple-valued neutrosophic soft sets and their topological framework with AI-driven signal-template analysis
type: item
description: This research proposes basic operations on complex triple-valued neutrosophic soft sets (CTVNSs) and defines complex triple-valued neutrosophic soft topological spaces (CTVNSTSs) with interior and closure operators. The study also presents an application to signal-template matching using cotangent similarity. Visual comparisons of four signals (S1--S4) and four templates (T1--T4) show that T4 is the most similar template, T2 is the least similar, and T1 and T3 are moderately similar. Normalization affects dominance and makes T1 relevant in some comparisons. Correlation analysis and clustering using principal component analysis and K-means (K=2) identify one cluster (S1, S2 , and S3) and one outlier (S4). These results indicate that cotangent similarity, together with data visualization and normalization, can effectively support the analysis of complex data.
subject: Mathematics & Statistics
  topic: section
subject: Mathematical, Computer & Statistical Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Complex triple-valued neutrosophic soft sets
  topic: keywords
subject: Complex triple-valued neutrosophic soft topology
  topic: keywords
subject: Cotangent similarity measures
  topic: keywords
subject: Data visualization techniques
  topic: keywords
subject: Complex Triple-Valued Neutrosophic Soft Sets, Complex Triple-Valued Neutrosophic Soft Topology, Cotangent Similarity Measures, Data Visualization Techniques.
  topic: subjects
creator: Raed Hatamleh
creator: Diana Amin Mohammad Mahmoud
creator: Haitham Qawaqneh
creator: Hind Y. Saleh
creator: Alaa M. Abd El-latif
creator: Eman Almuhur
creator: Aqeedat Hussain
creator: Arif Mehmood
creator: Cris L. Armada
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Raed Hatamleh, Diana Amin Mohammad Mahmoud, Haitham Qawaqneh, Hind Y. Saleh, Alaa M. Abd El-latif, Eman Almuhur, Aqeedat Hussain, Arif Mehmood, Cris L. Armada (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-22
publication date: 2026-06-22
starting page: 3261
ending page: 3261
doi: 10.46481/jnsps.2026.3261

Retraction Notice
type: item
description: The Editor and Publisher of the Journal of the Nigerian Society of Physical Sciences hereby issue this formal retraction notice for the article titled “Fractional-order modeling of visceral leishmaniasis disease transmission dynamics: strategies in eastern Sudan” by Ghada A. Ahmed, published in Journal of the Nigerian Society of Physical Sciences, Volume 5, 2023, Article ID 1693, DOI: https://doi.org/10.46481/jnsps.2023.1693. The article has been retracted due to errors in the calculations reported in the manuscript. Since the calculations form the basis of the fractional-order mathematical modelling, disease transmission analysis, and resulting conclusions, the identified errors affect the reliability of the findings presented in the article. The retraction decision had previously been reflected on the article page; however, a separate formal retraction notice was not published at that time. This notice is therefore being published now to correct that omission, improve transparency, and ensure that the retraction is properly visible to readers, indexing services, and metadata platforms. The original article should be regarded as retracted and should not be cited as reliable scientific evidence except in discussions relating to the retraction itself. Retracted article: Ghada A. Ahmed, “Fractional-order modeling of visceral leishmaniasis disease transmission dynamics: strategies in eastern Sudan,” Journal of the Nigerian Society of Physical Sciences 5 (2023) 1693. https://doi.org/10.46481/jnsps.2023.1693 Retraction decision date: 06-12-2023 Retraction notice publication date: 26-04-2026
subject: Notice
  topic: section
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-26
publication date: 2026-04-26
starting page: 3465
ending page: 3465
doi: 10.46481/jnsps.2026.3465