Spatial distribution and policy implications of the exhaust emissions of two-stroke motorcycle taxis: a case study of southwestern state in Nigeria
Authors
- P. K. Alimo College of Transportation Engineering, Tongji University, 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai, P.R. China
- G. Lartey-Young UNEP-Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development (IESD), Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, P.R. China
- S. Agyeman Department of Civil Engineering, Sunyani Technical University, Sunyani, Ghana
- T. Y. Akintunde Department of Sociology, School of Public Administration, Hohai University, Jiangning Campus, Nanjing, P. R China
- E. Kyere-Gyeabour Department of Geography & Resource Development, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
- F. Krampah Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, University of Mines and Technology, Tarkwa, Ghana
- A. Awomuti State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
- O. Oderinde Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2050-0948
- A. O. Agbeja Department of Sustainable Forest Management, Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, PMB 5054, Ibadan, Nigeria.
- O. G. Afolabi Department of Works and Physical Planning, Babcock University, Ilisan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
Keywords:
Motorcycle taxi, Motorcycle emission, Two-stroke engines, Idle mode test, Spatial analysisAbstract
Two-stroke motorcycles emit harmful exhaust fumes because of incomplete combustion. Although they constitute the main fleet of motorcycle taxis in sub-Saharan Africa, monitoring, spatial assessment, and regulation are weak, leaving dire health consequences in cities. This study collected motorcycle raw exhaust emissions of 1,950 two-stroke petrol-driven motorcycle taxis, otherwise called okada, in Ogun State, Nigeria, using an idle mode test approach under 10 minutes and employed correlations, hierarchical multiple linear regression models, and spatial analysis. It was found that carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HC) were the most highly concentrated, and the latter were beyond allowable limits. The concentration of CO was found to be at the minimum of 0.00 % and the highest being at 6.40% (an average of 1.05%), while the HC concentration was reported at the minimum of 18.00 ppm and the highest at 15446 ppm (an average of 3560 ppm). Notably, Kriging interpolation analysis indicated that cumulative effects due to the clustering and operations of motorcycle taxis could increase these concentrations over time, extending their long-term impacts. Given the severe effects of these emissions on health and the wider environment, a DPSIR policy framework is proposed to regulate two-stroke motorcycle taxis in sub-Saharan Africa.
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