Fractional-order modeling of visceral leishmaniasis disease transmission dynamics : strategies in eastern Sudan

Abstract

This article has been retracted by the Editor and Publisher of the Journal of the Nigerian Society of Physical Sciences: Ghada A. Ahmed, “Fractional-order modeling of visceral leishmaniasis disease transmission dynamics: strategies in eastern Sudan,” Journal of the Nigerian Society of Physical Sciences 5 (2023) 1693. https://doi.org/10.46481/jnsps.2023.1693

The retraction is due to errors in the calculations reported in the article. Since the calculations form the basis of the mathematical modelling and the resulting conclusions, the errors affect the reliability of the findings presented in the article.

A separate formal retraction notice has now been published to ensure transparency and proper indexing of the retraction record. The notice is available at: https://doi.org/10.46481/jnsps.2026.3465