Retraction Notice

Fractional-order modeling of visceral leishmaniasis disease transmission dynamics: strategies in eastern Sudan

Abstract

The Editor and Publisher of the Journal of the Nigerian Society of Physical Sciences hereby issue this formal retraction notice for the article titled “Fractional-order modeling of visceral leishmaniasis disease transmission dynamics: strategies in eastern Sudan” by Ghada A. Ahmed, published in Journal of the Nigerian Society of Physical Sciences, Volume 5, 2023, Article ID 1693, DOI: https://doi.org/10.46481/jnsps.2023.1693.

The article has been retracted due to errors in the calculations reported in the manuscript. Since the calculations form the basis of the fractional-order mathematical modelling, disease transmission analysis, and resulting conclusions, the identified errors affect the reliability of the findings presented in the article.

The retraction decision had previously been reflected on the article page; however, a separate formal retraction notice was not published at that time. This notice is therefore being published now to correct that omission, improve transparency, and ensure that the retraction is properly visible to readers, indexing services, and metadata platforms.

The original article should be regarded as retracted and should not be cited as reliable scientific evidence except in discussions relating to the retraction itself.

Retracted article: Ghada A. Ahmed, “Fractional-order modeling of visceral leishmaniasis disease transmission dynamics: strategies in eastern Sudan,” Journal of the Nigerian Society of Physical Sciences 5 (2023) 1693. https://doi.org/10.46481/jnsps.2023.1693

Retraction decision date: 06-12-2023
Retraction notice publication date: 26-04-2026