A Review of Evidence of Aerosol Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Particles

Shehu Sharafadeen Aladodo; Clement Olufemi Akoshile; J. O. Otu

doi:10.46481/jnsps.2021.162

Authors

S. S. Aladodo
[email protected]

Centre for Atmospheric Research Anyigba, Kogi State
C. O. Akoshile
University of Ilorin Ilorin, Nigeria
J. O. Otu
Centre for Atmospheric Research Anyigba, Kogi State

Keywords:

Aerosol transmission, SARS-CoV-2, Pandemic, Air recirculation, Respiratory droplet

Abstract

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) through multiple transmission routes and understanding the mode of transmission is very important for its containment and prevention. Consequently, inadequate attention has been given to the spread of respiratory droplets in indoor conditions under microclimatologic turbulent wind promoted by aerosol from talking (loud), coughing, sneezing, toilet flushing of an isolation room, and resuspension of the settled virus from the surfaces. To this end, this study is presenting an early review of the process and evidence of aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2 particles. There are significant results of many studies including those under peer review that support aerosol and airborne transmission which government agencies should consider for reducing the transmission rate.

Dimensions

REFERENCES

J. Sun, W.-T. He, L. Wang, A. Lai, X. Ji, X. Zhai, G. Li, M. A. Suchard, J. Tian & J. Zhou, “COVID-19: Epidemiology, evolution, and crossdisciplinary perspectives”, Trends Mol. Med., (2020).

N. Madhav, B. Oppenheim, M. Gallivan, P. Mulembakani, E. Rubin & N.Wolfe, “Pandemics: Risks, impacts, and mitigation. In Disease Control Priorities: Improving Health and Reducing Poverty”, Int. Bank Reconstr. Dev. Washington, DC, USA, (2017).

WHO, World Heath Organization, “Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report”, (2020).

NCDC, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, “First Case of Corona Virus Disease Confirmation in Nigeria”, Press release February, (2020).

CDC, Centre for Disease Control, “Interim Infection Prevention & Control Recommendations for Patients with Suspected or Confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Healthcare Settings”, (2020).

NHC, National Health Commission, “Diagnosis & treatment plan of COVID-19 (trial version 7). (in Chinese)”, (2020).

T. Song, Y. Mao, R. M. Jones, Q. Tan, J. S. Ji, N. Li, J. Shen, Y. Lv, L. Pan, P. Ding, X. Wang, Y. Wang, C. R. Macintyre

& X. Shi, “Aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2? Evidence, prevention and control”, Environment International, 144 (2020) 1, https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.106039.

J. Seinfeld & S. Pandis, “Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change” New York: John Wiley and Sons., (998).

M. Z. Jacobson, “Fundamentals of atmospheric modeling”, Cambridge University Press, (2005).

P. Chazette, C. David, J. Lefrere, S. Godin, J. Pelon & G. M`egie, “Comparative lidar study of the optical, geometrical, and dynamical properties of stratospheric post-volcanic aerosols, following the eruptions of El

Chichon and mount Pinatubo”, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 100 (1995) 23195.

P. Chazette, F. Dulac, J. Sanak & B. Johnson, “Vertical structure of aerosols and water vapor over West Africa during the African monsoon dry season”, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, (2009) 8017.

R. Delmas, G. M`egie & V.-H. Peuch, “Physique et chimie de l’atmosph`ere”, Belin (2005).

T. Carlson & J. Prospero, “The Large-Scale Movement of Saharan Air Outbreaks over the Northern Equatorial Atlantic”, Journal of Applied Meteorology, 11 (1972) 283.

J. M. Prospero, “Long-range transport of mineral dust in the global atmosphere: Impact of African dust on the environment of the southeastern United States”, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (1999) 3396.

K. Uno, K. Eguchi, T. Yumimoto, A. Takemura, M. Shimizu, Z. Uematsu, Z. Liu, Y. H. Wang & N. Sugimoto, “Asian dust transported one full circuit around the globe”, Nature Geoscience 2 (2009) 557.

C. Liousse, B. Guillaume, J. M. Gr & S. Martin, “Updated African biomass burning emission inventories in the framework of the AMMAIDAF program, with an evaluation of combustion aerosols”, (2010) 9631, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-9631-2010.

S. Bojan, “Improvement of aerosol representation in a chemical-transport model: Modelling and data assimilation”, PhD Thesis, University of Toulouse (2014).

W. Slinn, “Predictions for particle deposition to vegetative canopies”, Atmospheric Environment 16 (1988) 1785.

M. Zietsman, L. T. Phan & R. M. Jones, “Potential for occupational exposures to pathogens during bronchoscopy procedures”. J. Occup. Environ. Hygiene 16 (2019) 707.

D. Johnson, R. Lynch, C. Marshall, K. Mead & D. Hirst, “Aerosol generation by modern flush toilets”, Aerosol Sci. Technol.: J. Am. Assoc. Aerosol Res. 47 (2013) 1047.

A. Musta a-Babjee, A. L. Ibrahim & T. S. Khim, “A case of human infection with Newcastle disease virus. Southeast Asian”, J. Trop. Med. Public Health 7 (1976) 622.

P. Khare & L. C. Marr, “Simulation of vertical concentration gradient of influenza viruses in dust resuspended by walking”, Indoor Air 25 (2015) 428.

R. M. Jones & L. M. Brosseau, “Aerosol transmission of infectious disease”, J. Occup. Environ. Med. 57 (2015) 501.

S. L. Miller, W. W. Nazaro & J. L. Jimenez, “Transmission of SARSCoV-2 by inhalation of respiratory aerosol in the Skagit Valley Chorale superspreading event”, (2020), https://doi.org/2020.06.15.20132027.

R. W¨olfel, V. M. Corman & W. Guggemos, “Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019”, Nature 581 (2020) 465.

V. Stadnytskyi, C. E. Bax, A. Bax & P. Anfinrud, “The airborne lifetime of small speech droplets and their potential importance in SARS-CoV-2 transmission”, PNAS 117 (2020) 11875.

T. van Doremalen, N. Bushmaker & D. Morris, “Aerosol and surface stability of HCoV-19 (SARS-CoV-2) compared to SARS-CoV-1”, medRxiv (2020), https://doi.org/2020.03.09. 20033217.

A. C. Fears, P. Klimstra, William B. Duprex, H. Amy, S. C. Weaver, D. Plante, Kenneth S. Mirchandani, D. Plante, Jessica Ann, Aguilar, Patricia V. Fern´andez, A. Nalca, A. Totura, D. Dyer, R. Kearney, Brian Lackemeyer, Matthew Bohannon, J. Kyle Johnson, R. F. Garry, D. S. Reed & C. J. Roy, “Persistence of severe acute respiratory syndrome cor- onavirus 2 on aerosol suspensions”, Emerg. Infect. Dis. 26 (2020), https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2609.201806.

R. Read, “A choir decided to go ahead with rehearsal. Now dozens of members have COVID-19 and two are dead”, (2020), www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2020-03-29/coronavirus-choiroutbreak.

Y. Shen, C. Li & H. Dong, “Airborne transmission of COVID-19: epidemiologic evidence from two outbreak investigations”, ResearchGate, (2020).

J. Lu, J. Gu & K. Li, “COVID-19 outbreak associated with air conditioning in restaurant, Guangzhou, China”, Emerg. Infect. Dis. (2020) 1628.

Y. Liu, Z. Ning & Y. Chen, “Aerodynamic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in two Wuhan hospitals”, Nature 582 (2020) 557.

Z. Ding, H. Qian & B. Xu, “Toilets dominate environmental detection of SARS- CoV-2 virus in a hospital”, medRxiv, (2020).

L. Setti, F. Passarini & G. De Gennaro, “SARS-Cov-2RNA found on particulate matter of Bergamo in Northern Italy: First evidence”, Environ. Res. 188 (2020) 109754.

L. F. Moriarty, M. M. Plucinski & B. J. Marston, “Public health responses to COVID-19 outbreaks on cruise ships - worldwide, February-March 2020”, MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep (Washington, D.C, 2020).

P.W. Francisco & S. J. Emmerich, “ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases”, (Georgia, 2014).

G. Rolph, A. Stein & B. Stunder, “Real-time Environmental Applications and Display System: READY”, Environmental Modelling and Software 95 (2017) 210, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2017.06.025.

A. F. Stein, R. R. Draxler, G. D. Rolph, B. J. B. Stunder, M. D. Cohen & F. Ngan, “NOAA’s HYSPLIT atmospheric transport and dispersion modeling system”, American Meteorological Society 96 (2015) 2059.