Synthesis and in vitro bioactivity of sodium metasilicate-derived silicon-substituted hydroxyapatite

Enobong R.  Essien; Violette N.  Atasie; Ngozi A. Adeleye; Luqman A.  Adams

doi:10.46481/jnsps.2024.2113

Authors

Enobong R. Essien
[email protected]

Department of Chemical Sciences, Bells University of Technology, Ota 112103, Nigeria
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2379-3640
Violette N. Atasie
Department of Chemical Sciences, Bells University of Technology, Ota 112103, Nigeria
Ngozi A. Adeleye
Department of Chemical Sciences, Bells University of Technology, Ota 112103, Nigeria
Luqman A. Adams
Deparment of Chemistry, University of Lagos, Akoka, Yaba100213, Nigeria

Keywords:

Silicon-substituted hydroxyapatite, Bioactivity, Sodium metasilicate, Bone repair, Synthetic bone grafts

Abstract

Structural alteration of synthetic implants aims to achieve better bioactivity, higher cellular response, and regulated degradability, all of which are critical criteria for a biomaterial to serve as a graft in bone regeneration. The aim of this work was to synthesize silicon-substituted hydroxyapatite and test its bioactivity in simulated body fluid (SBF) by proving the use of sodium metasilicate (Na₂SiO₃.9H₂O) as an affordable precursor of silica. Thus, the study evaluated the in vitro bone-bonding capacity of hydroxyapatite (Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂)(HA) substituted with silicate ion (Ca₁₀(PO₄)_6-x(SiO₄)_x(OH)_2-x; Si_xHA). The Si_xHA with x = 0.4 was synthesized by utilizing a wet precipitation method with sodium metasilicate as a low-cost silica alternative for alkoxysilane precursors. The Si_xHA was then examined for properties such as morphology, elemental composition, phase composition, and the nature of chemical bonds using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively. An in vitro bioactivity experiment was also carried out by incubating the Si_xHA in simulated body fluid (SBF) at 36.5 °C for 7 and 14 days. The obtained results revealed the substitution of SiO₄^4- for some PO₄^3- groups in the hydroxyapatite structure. The Si_xHA nucleated more apatite crystals on its surface and demonstrated some degradability during the periods of immersion in SBF. The characteristics of the Si_xHA imply that it could be used as a graft in bone restoration applications, thus signifying that sodium metasilicate could serve as an economic silica source for silicon-substituted hydroxyapatite production.

Dimensions

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