Dynamic-kernel CNN-LSTM for real-time intrusion detection in low-power healthcare IoT systems

Osita Miracle Nwakeze; Naveed Uddin Mohammed; Obaze Caleb Akachukwu; Umerah Anthony Tochukwu; Oji Nkechi Blessing; Ibeh Sylvarine Chinasa; Odeh Christopher

doi:10.46481/jnsps.2026.3230

Authors

Osita Miracle Nwakeze
[email protected]

Department of Computer Science, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Uli, Anambra State, Nigeria
Naveed Uddin Mohammed
Department of Computer Science, Lindsey Wilson University, Columbia, Kentucky, USA
Obaze Caleb Akachukwu
Department of Computer Science, Dennis Osadebay University, Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria
Umerah Anthony Tochukwu
Department of Computer Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
Oji Nkechi Blessing
Department of Computer Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
Ibeh Sylvarine Chinasa
Department of Computer Science, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Uli, Anambra State, Nigeria
Odeh Christopher
Department of Computer Science, Dennis Osadebay University, Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria

Keywords:

Healthcare IoT, Intrusion detection system, Dynamic-kernel CNN, Bidirectional LSTM, Causal pooling

Abstract

Cybersecurity has become a serious concern in healthcare Internet of Things (IoT) systems, where connected medical devices support patient monitoring, diagnosis, and treatment but remain vulnerable to attacks. This paper presents a Dynamic-kernel Convolutional Neural Network--Long Short-Term Memory (DyK-CNN-LSTM) architecture for energy-efficient intrusion detection in healthcare IoT environments. The model combines SoftMax-gated dynamic convolutional kernels with bidirectional LSTM layers to learn multi-scale spatial dependencies and temporal correlations in network traffic. Causal pooling is incorporated to support low-latency, simulation-based real-time inference on low-power devices. Experiments on the IoT Healthcare Security and CICIoMT-2024 datasets produced an integrated-dataset accuracy of 98.42%, precision of 98.35%, recall of 98.41%, F1-score of 98.38%, and false alarm rate of 1.58%. Attack-specific analysis showed consistently strong detection across DDoS, replay, ransomware, brute-force, data-exfiltration, botnet, scanning, and backdoor attacks. Hardware-aware simulation on a 100 MHz ARM Cortex--M4 target indicated an energy consumption of 92.3 µJ and a latency of 24.5 ms per inference, with real hardware validation planned as future work. The proposed DyK-CNN-LSTM framework therefore offers a balanced design for accurate, scalable, and energy-aware intrusion detection in medical IoT systems.

Dimensions

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