Preparation and characterization of Zinc metal soap from shea butter (Vitellaria paradoxa)

O. Amos; T. E  Odetoye; D. S.  Ogunniyi

doi:10.46481/jnsps.2021.238

Authors

O. Amos
[email protected]

Department of Industrial Chemistry, Federal University, Lokoja, P.M.B 1154, Lokoja, Nigeria
T. E. Odetoye
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ilorin, P.M.B 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria
D. S. Ogunniyi
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ilorin, P.M.B 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria

Keywords:

Shea butter, Zinc carboxylate, metal soap, Metathesis, Stearate

Abstract

Zinc metal soaps are of great importance in the manufacture of personal care products and other industrial applications. Variations in the soaps and their properties are usually due to the type of oil used in the synthesis. Shea butter (Vitellaria paradoxa), being a valuable industrial raw material, was investigated for the synthesis of zinc metal soap. Locally obtained shea butter was characterized, refined and used to synthesize metal soap of zinc which was characterized. The zinc soap produced exhibited an off-white appearance, pH of 7.8, non-foaming, and no free alkalinity present. The functional groups in the soap were confirmed by FTIR.

Dimensions

REFERENCES

A. J. Dijkstra, “Vegetable Oils: Types and Properties”, in Encyclopedia of Food and Health” (2016) 381.

G. A. Yonas, E. A. Shimelis & A. F. Sisay, “Effect of processing factors on Shea (Vitellaria paradoxa) butter extraction”, LWT - Food Science and Technology 66 (2016) 172.

O. Atolani, E. T. Olabiyi, A. A. Issa, H. T. Azeez, E. G. Onoja, O. S. Ibrahim, M. F. Zubair, O. S. Oguntoye, & G. A. Olatunji, “Green synthesis and characterisation of natural antiseptic soaps from the oils of underutilised tropical seed”, Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy 4 (2016) 32.

W. N. Muhammad, M. I. Muhammad, A. S. Garba, & H. M. Ghazal, “Antibacterial Activity of Vitellaria paradoxa Seed Oil Extract and Honey Against Bacterial Isolates from Wound Infection”, International Journal of Biological, Physical and Chemical Studies (JBPCS) 1 (2019) 16.

E. Betiku, S. S. Okunsolawo, S. O. Ajala, & O. S. Odedele, “Performance evaluation of artificial neural network coupled with generic algorithm and response surface methodology in modeling and optimization of biodiesel production process parameters from shea tree (Vitellaria paradoxa) nut butter”, Renewable Energy 76 (2015) 408.

O. M. Folarin, I. C. Eromosele, & C. O. Eromosele, “Relative thermal stability of metal soaps of Ximenia americana and Balanites aegyptiaca seed oils”, Scientific Research and Essays 6 (2011) 1922.

M. Gonen, D. Balkose, F. Inal, & S. Ulku, “Zinc Stearate Production by Precipitation and Fusion Processes” Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 14 (2005) 1627.

E. K. Ossai (2014), “Preparation and Characterization of Metal Soaps of Cocos Nucifera Seed Oil”, Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 18 (2014) 359.

C. Chong-Min, X. Xiaowei, J. He-Yuan, W. Bin, P. Li, L. Yi, Y. Sheng, “Alkali Metal Carboxylates: Simple and Versatile Initiators for Ring Opening Alternating Copolymerization of Cyclic Anhydrides/Epoxides”, Macromolecules 54 (2021) 713.

O. M. Folarin & O. N. Enikanoselu, “Evaluation of the Effect of Temperature on the Stability of Metal Soaps of Trichosanthes cucumerina seed oil”, Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 14 (2010) 69.

G. J. Eumelen, E. Bosco, A. S. Suiker, A. Loon, & P. D. Iedema, “A computational model for chemo-mechanical degradation of historical oil paintings due to metal soap formation”, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 132 (2019) 103683.

S. Garrappa, E. SilvieSvarcova, P. Bezdicka, & D. Hradil, “Initial stages of metal soaps formation in model paints: The role of humidity”, Microchemical Journal 156 (2020) 104842.

Baerlocher, “Baerlocher USA to expand metal soap production capacity to meet growing demand”, Additives for Polymers 3 (2017) 6. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-3747(17)30039-8.

T. E. Odetoye, D. S. Ogunniyi, & G.A. Olatunji “Refining and characterization of under-utilised seed oil of Parinari polyandra Benth for industrial utilization”, Nigerian Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 27 (2014) 2538.

W. Haas & M. Mittelbach, “Detoxification experiment with seed oils from from Jatropha curca”, Industrial Crops and Products 12 (2000) 111.

ASTM standard methods “Standard Test Method for Fatty Acid Composition” 1983.

G. Osmond, “Zinc Soaps: An Overview of Zinc Oxide Reactivity and Consequences of Soap Formation in Oil-Based Paintings. In: Casadio F. et al. (eds) Metal Soaps in Art. Cultural Heritage Science.” Springer, Cham. (2019), https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90617-1_2

B. S. Chibor, D. B. Kiin-Kabari, & J. Eke-Ejiofor, “Physicochemical Properties and Fatty Acid Profile of Shea Butter and Fluted Pumpkin Seed Oil, a Suitable Blend in Bakery Fat Production”. International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences 6 (2017) 122, doi:10.11648/j.ijnfs.20170603.1,

M. Abdul-Hammed, A. O. Jaji, & S. A. Adegboyega, “Comparative studies of thermophysical and physicochemical properties of shea butter prepared from cold press and solvent extraction methods”, Journal of King Saud University - Science 32 (2020) 2343.

E. D. Owen, & K. J. Msayib, “Catalyzed degradation of poly(vinyl chloride) III Zinc (II) chloride catalysis”, Journal of Polymer Science A 27 (1989) 399.

R. M. Maryudi, A. H. Yunus, A. H. Nour & M. H. Abidin, “Synthesis and Characterization of Manganese Carboxylates”, Journal of Applied Sciences 9 (2009) 3156.

T. Ismail, A. I. Ashraf, & K. Hüseyin, International Journal of food properties 20 (2017) S790.

E. A. Essien, S. A. Umoren, E. E. Essien, & A. P. Udoh, Journal of Materials and Environmental Science 3 (2012) 477.

R. Bacalogulu & M. Fisch, “Degradation and stabilization of poly(vinylchloride) 11. Kinetics of the thermal degradation of poly (vinyl chloride)”, Journal of Polymer Degradation and Stability 45 (1994) 325.